INSIGHTS

Introduction : Nowadays, if we notice, we get everything personalised; like, with one search we get advertisements or suggestions of goods and services we have searched for, and this is all because of e-commerce. These practices depend on collecting and analysing consumer information, including browsing history, purchase records, search queries, and individual preferences. Such practices improve convenience and commercial efficiency. E-commerce heavily relies on consumer pers

Introduction : There will come a point for all expanding businesses. In the past, the legal department only dealt with a few contracts each month. Now, sales need a customer contract signed before the end of the week, procurement needs three vendor contracts drawn up, HR needs a policy review, and someone from marketing has “a quick question,” which ends up being a trademark matter. The legal department has not increased in size three-fold, but the number of requests has. The

Introduction : In a merger or acquisition, the closure of the transaction does not mean that the deal is finished. The representations and warranties may continue to remain valid, the possibility of making compensation claims might arise, the amount of purchase price may be adjustable, and liabilities related to the target’s pre-closing activities may arise long after that. One of the main contractual instruments that enables the parties to provide coverage of this residual r

Introduction : The Special Economic Zones Rules, 2006 is an important statute to regulate the establishment, operation and administration of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India. On 15 October 2026, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry notified the Special Economic Zones (Third Amendment) Rules, 2026 and Special Economic Zones (Fourth Amendment) Rules, 2026. The latter Amendment made changes to Rules 18, 19, 21B and 22. These Rules apply to units and funds in an Internatio

Introduction : Online retail has revolutionised the way Indian consumers purchase products and services, but it has also led to a constant flow of disagreements over what happens when a purchase goes wrong. Among the most common complaints are refused returns, delayed reimbursements and refunds given as shop credit rather than cash. The legal difficulty for businesses stems from the fact that a single refund is subject to 3 overlapping regimes. Consumer Protection Act of 2019

Introduction : Special Economic Zones are set up in India to attract export-led manufacturing. To facilitate the exports, the Special Economic Zones Act 2005 was enacted. Units inside the zone receive duty-free imports, duty-free domestic procurement and zero-rated GST supplies. The income-tax holiday under section 10AA of the Income-tax Act 1961 is not open to new units. For new manufacturers, the main benefits are therefore customs and GST concessions, and these depend on c

Introduction : Section 3 of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (“RERA Act”) is in many ways a mere procedural precondition to registration that a promoter has to fulfill, or fail to fulfill, with little consequence beyond the regulation. However, a division bench of the Karnataka High Court in Navaratan Jhunjhunwala & Anr. v. Karnataka Real Estate Appellate Tribunal & Ors. on 16 July 2026 took a much wider view of it, one that touches upon the very heart o

Introduction : Conflict of Interest in procurement processes occurs when an individual who is handling decisions related to procurement and while doing so has personal, financial, or professional interests that could unethically influence choice of suppliers, contract negotiations, or purchasing outcomes. Such conflicts can arise when employees have secret or personal or fiscal relationships with suppliers, or heads of the companies or greed related to personal incentives. Ma

Introduction : Warehouses just aren’t what they used to be. The old days of muscle work and noisy forklifts have given way to rows of robots, smart conveyor belts, sensors everywhere, and software quietly steering the show. The idea is simple work should get faster and people shouldn’t break their backs dragging stuff around. But with all these upgrades, you don’t just plug things in and walk away. There’s a different kind of risk now. Picture working there: you’re dodging ro

Introduction : The division sale appears to be one transaction. In reality, it is six or seven transactions that happen at the same time, but each has its own decision-making body, paperwork, and timeline. The transaction that is often forgotten is never the board’s resolution. It is either the lender’s consent, the counterparty’s right to reject the transfer, or the shareholder’s approval, which applies only due to the division reaching the statutory level. The blog follows

Introduction : When co-founders of a startup set up a company, they normally get ordinary paid-up equity as shares. When one of them leaves the company too soon but has a big stake in it, it may cause an inconsistency between his contribution and ownership, disadvantageous to the remaining founders and making future fundraising difficult. In order to eliminate this problem, shareholder agreements usually provide for certain conditions of share vesting, also known as “reverse

Introduction : It can be said that a commercial right is as powerful as the notice that it relies on. Most contracts will require a written notice given in a prescribed manner to a prescribed person or entity for termination, indemnity claims, cure requests, and for the commencement of arbitration. If that email address delegated notice was sent to another person with the same surname, to someone who has departed the organization, or to another email address, the sender might

Introduction : Where self - reporting of figures forms the basis of business transactions, whether for calculating royalties, licensing of software or revenue sharing, trust will only get you half the way. Without an audit mechanism for verifying the figures used, the mistake of mis-estimating finances or non-compliance will cause financial strain without you knowing for many years. That is where an audit right comes in as an answer. A well-crafted audit provision may act as

Introduction : Artificial intelligence has moved quickly from an experimental tool to part of everyday legal work. Lawyers now use AI for research, first drafts, document review, translation, chronologies, and transaction support. But for law firms, the benefits come with a familiar professional question : how do we use a powerful technology without weakening the confidentiality that clients place in us? The answer is not to prohibit AI altogether. It is to govern it delibera

Introduction : The firm is never independent of those people and other entities who help by supplying raw material and components, logistics, technologies, and any other services to make the firm work. Hence, the behaviour of the supplier can pose a threat to the business of the buying firm. Unreported payment of kickback for securing a government contract, unsafe working conditions, illegal exploitation of children labor, fake invoices, or retaliation to the complainant can

Introduction : Closing structure and post-closing integration obligations in M&A transactions heavily influence the provisions of the operative transaction agreement and hence should be considered early on in the deal negotiation process. The terms and conditions of an agreement vary depending on whether the transaction is structured as a simultaneous signing and closing or as a deferred closing, so it is very important to understand the difference between the two. A simultan

Introduction : My dream of becoming an artist was hushed down when the people around me echoed that it’s not a safe career for earning enough to sustain. I still think of pursuing art but those words are now working out like prophecy, not because artists lack talent, but because the AI systems now learning from their work were never asked for permission. Every few months, a court somewhere in the world is asked the same question, “Can an artificial intelligence system own the

Introduction : Early-stage start-ups often struggle to agree upon a price for their equity. Priced rounds are time-consuming and costly, which encourages investors and founders alike to defer valuation. Early-stage financing therefore frequently employs instruments such as the convertible note and the iSAFE to postpone valuation discussions until a later round. A convertible note is a legally recognised debt instrument that converts into equity upon the occurrence of specifie

Introduction : In today’s world organisations have become primary users of software applications in this digital environment to offer their services and also to have a competitive edge. This dependency also poses major risks if the vendor goes bankrupt, is acquired, fails to provide support, or any other anticipated events occur. Operational, regulatory compliance and trust of customers are all affected areas of impact that can be caused by these kinds of disruptions to organ

Introduction : Contracts being mutually decided obligations between parties are enforceable by the court of law. This means once entered as per the statutory requirements, the defaulting party has to make good of losses incurred by an aggrieved party due to failure to perform such contractual obligation. Including a liability clause, in a contract, ensures the inclusion of liquidated damages, decided by the parties themselves. Such a liquidated damage is entitled to the party